Iifilimu ezibhityileyo ziyaqhubeka nokutsala umdla wabaphandi.Eli nqaku libonisa uphando lwangoku kunye nolunzulu ngakumbi kwizicelo zabo, iindlela eziguquguqukayo zokubeka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo.
"Ifilimu" ligama elihambelanayo lezinto ezi-2-dimensional (2D) ezincinci kakhulu kune-substrate yayo, nokuba yenzelwe ukugubungela i-substrate okanye i-sandwiched phakathi kweendawo ezimbini.Kusetyenziso lwangoku lwemizi-mveliso, ubukhulu bezi filimu zibhityileyo buqhelekile ukusuka kwi-sub-nanometer (nm) kwimilinganiselo yeathom (okt, <1 nm) ukuya kwiimicrometer ezininzi (μm).Igraphene yomgangatho omnye inobunzima beathom yekhabhoni enye (okt ~0.335 nm).
Iifilimu zazisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa kunye neenjongo zemifanekiso kumaxesha angaphambili.Namhlanje, izinto zobunewunewu kunye nobucwebe zigqunywe ngeefilimu ezibhityileyo zeentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana nobhedu, isilivere, igolide kunye neplatinam.
Esona sicelo sixhaphakileyo sefilimu kukukhuselwa ngokwasemzimbeni komphezulu ukusuka kwi-abrasion, impembelelo, imikrwelo, ukhukuliseko kunye ne-abrasions.Ikhabhoni efana nedayimane (i-DLC) kunye nemigangatho ye-MoSi2 isetyenziselwa ukukhusela ii-injini zeemoto ukuba zingagugi kunye ne-corrosion yobushushu obuphezulu obubangelwa kukungqubana phakathi kweendawo ezihamba ngoomatshini.
Iifilim ezibhityileyo zikwasetyenziselwa ukukhusela imiphezulu esebenzayo kwindalo esingqongileyo, nokuba yi-oxidation okanye i-hydration ngenxa yokufuma.Iifilimu ezikhuselayo zokukhusela zifumene ingqwalasela enkulu kwimimandla yezixhobo ze-semiconductor, izahluli zefilimu ye-dielectric, i-electrode yefilimu ebhityileyo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI).Ngokukodwa, i-metal oxide field effect transistors (i-MOSFETs) iqulethe iifilimu ze-dielectric ezizinzile ngokwekhemikhali kunye ne-thermally ezifana ne-SiO2, kunye ne-semiconductary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) ziqulethe iifilimu zobhedu eziqhubayo.
Ii-electrode zefilimu ezinqabileyo zonyusa umlinganiselo wamandla kumthamo we-supercapacitors ngamaxesha amaninzi.Ukongeza, iifilimu ezicekethekileyo zesinyithi kunye nee-MXenes ngoku (inguqu yentsimbi ye-carbides, i-nitrides okanye i-carbonitrides) iifilimu ezicekethekileyo ze-perovskite zeceramic zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukukhusela izinto zombane ekuphazamisekeni kwe-electromagnetic.
Kwi-PVD, into ekujoliswe kuyo i-vaporized kwaye idluliselwe kwigumbi le-vacuum eliqukethe i-substrate.Umphunga uqalisa ukudipozithwa kumphezulu wesubstrate ngenxa nje yokujiya.Ivacuum inqanda ukuxubana kokungcola kunye nokungqubana phakathi kweemolekyuli zomphunga kunye nentsalela yeemolekyuli zegesi.
Isiphithiphithi esingeniswe kumphunga, ukuthambeka kobushushu, isantya sokuhamba komphunga, kunye nobushushu obufihlakeleyo bezinto ekujoliswe kuzo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ukufana kwefilimu kunye nexesha lokucubungula.Iindlela zokuphuma kwamanzi zibandakanya ukufudumeza okuxhathisayo, ukufudumeza kwe-electron beam kwaye, kutshanje, i-molecular beam epitaxy.
Ukungalungi kwePVD yesiqhelo kukungakwazi kwayo ukwenza umphunga ophezulu kakhulu wezinto ezinyibilikayo kunye notshintsho lwesakhiwo olwenziwe kwizinto ezidiphozithiweyo ngenxa yenkqubo yokunyuka komphunga.I-Magnetron sputtering sisizukulwana esilandelayo sobuchule bokubeka umzimba obusombulula ezi ngxaki.Kwi-magnetron sputtering, iimolekyuli ekujoliswe kuzo ziyakhutshwa (zihlatywe) ngebhombu ngeeyoni ezinamandla ezisebenza ngemagnethi eveliswa yimagnetron.
Iifilimu ezinqabileyo zithatha indawo ekhethekileyo kwizinto zanamhlanje ze-elektroniki, zamehlo, ezomatshini, iifotonic, izixhobo ezishushu kunye nemagnethi kunye nezinto zokuhombisa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo, ukubumbana kunye neempawu ezisebenzayo.I-PVD kunye ne-CVD zezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zisetyenziswayo zokubeka umphunga ukuvelisa iifilim ezibhityileyo ezinobunzima obusuka kwiinanomitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwiimicrometer ezimbalwa.
I-morphology yokugqibela yefilimu egciniweyo ichaphazela ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zokubeka ifilimu ebhityileyo ephuphumayo zifuna uphando olongezelelweyo ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iipropathi zefilimu ezibhityileyo ngokusekwe kumagalelo enkqubo ekhoyo, izixhobo ezikhethiweyo ekujoliswe kuzo, kunye neempawu zesubstrate.
Imarike ye-semiconductor yehlabathi ingene kwixesha elinomdla.Imfuno yeteknoloji ye-chip iye yakhuthaza kwaye yabambezela uphuhliso lweshishini, kwaye ukunqongophala kwe-chip kulindeleke ukuba kuqhubeke ixesha elithile.Iintsingiselo zangoku zinokubumba ikamva loshishino njengoko oku kuqhubeka
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweebhetri ezisekelwe kwigraphene kunye neebhetri eziqinileyo kukubunjwa kwee-electrodes.Nangona ii-cathodes zihlala ziguqulwa, i-allotropes yekhabhoni ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-anodes.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Intanethi yeZinto iphunyezwe ngokukhawuleza phantse kuzo zonke iindawo, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lezithuthi zombane.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-23-2023